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Researchers find a genetic cause for leukemia

A gene mutation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is responsible for half of the hitherto unexplained cases of this leukemia. A mutation of the gene for the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH) increases the concentration of the metabolite 2-hydroxy (2HG), causing the AML. These relationships, researchers at Craig Thompson of the University of Pennsylvania. They published their findings in the current issue of the journal Cancer Cell (10.1016/j.ccr.2010.01.020).

"The molecular biology of leukemia has been studied in the past 20 years, and we thought that we are the most common genes for leukemia found would have, "said Thompson. is now clear that a new type of mutation was responsible for half of the remaining leukemia, for which the cause was unknown until now. These mutations also occur in about one-third of leukemia in older patients.

By Scientists tissue samples from patients with acute myeloid leukemia investigated, they found that AML patients have an increased concentration of 2HG. The increased concentrations of 2HG originate from a change in a metabolic of two enzymes, IDH1 or IDH2.



* Abstract http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/abstract/S1535-6108% 2810% 2900036-X
* University of Pennsylvania http://www.med.upenn.edu/

The researchers discovered that IDH1 and IDH2 changes were observed in more than 23 percent of AML patients studied. A common feature of tumor-associated IDH mutations is the increased production of 2HG. The scientists explain the connection between the increased 2HG concentration and the occurrence of AML in that an increased concentration 2HG could potentially block the ability of leukemic cells to transform into normal blood cells.

"If we are able to block tumors in the 2HG-production, we might in der Lage, die Leukämie der Patienten zu heilen", sagte Thompson.

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rip-initiative: control with a sense of proportion

Die Abzocker-Initiative, die primär wegen einzelnen Verfehlungen von Grossunternehmen initiiert wurde, jedoch auch für weitere Unternehmen Gültigkeit haben soll, enthält gefährliche Komponenten. Dies trifft auch auf den SVP-Gegenvorschlag zu. Aus meiner Sicht sind primär zwei Aspekte vorsichtig zu beachten:

Abstimmungen zur Salärfrage: Der SVP-Gegenvorschlag wants a mandatory annual vote on the remuneration of directors and management (basic salary for the coming term of office, bonus for the previous year). On the one hand, this constitutes a blending of skills, and it is questionable why the shareholders, "their" trust no Board compensation policy that is in their favor. Because: When hype, the General Assembly the Board has the option to not confirm. On the other hand, the question of practicality. What happens, for example, if the compensation is not absegnet GV? Does it therefore an extraordinary general meeting? Does the company already oriented compensation claim back? And what is being dealt with if middle of the year, a new manager must adjust the wage beyond the framework of the previous GM?

Proxy Voting: The counter-proposal aims to shareholders registered as a nominee name not be represented by third parties. The ban on proxy voting can result in major Swiss companies to significantly reduce the turnout. This facilitates minority shareholders, with only 15% of the vote a GM to dominate. I consider this so dangerous, as this hostile takeovers by foreign companies would be simplified.

I do not see it so negative that, in large Style Swiss companies moving, as the relocation of the seat requires a change of the articles is to be blessed by the GA. But it is certainly so that this regulation for foreign companies on site selection has a deterrent effect. I am also of the opinion that there is something to take to prevent the gross misconduct in the future. This, however, increase with a sense of proportion and an adequate regulatory attack in which the business location Switzerland does not weaken the long term. The business location must not be weakened for opportunistic considerations of some players to the 2011 elections.

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objective reasons for a YES to lower the conversion rate

The conversion rate in 1985 was the introduction of BVGs 7.2%. Die Höhe dieses Satzes wird durch die Lebenserwartung und die zu erzielende Kapitalmarktrendite bestimmt. 1985 lag die Lebenserwartung im Alter von 65 Jahren bei Männern bei 16.3 Jahren und bei Frauen bei 20.8 Jahren. Seither hat sich die Lebenserwartung signifikant verändert (Männer: +23%; Frauen: +13%). Gleichzeitig ist die Rendite zehnjähriger Bundesanleihen bedeutend gesunken. In der Periode von 1985 bis 1994 betrug die Durchschnittsrendite 5.1%, in der Periode von 1999 bis 2008 lediglich 2.9%. Zum Vergleich: der Pictet BVG-25-Index zeigt in den letzten zehn Jahren eine Rendite von rund 2.5%. Experten schätzen eine langfristige Renditeerwartung für Pensionskassen zwischen 3.5% und 4.5% pro Jahr als realistisch ein. The opponents regard the increased life expectancy and lower future returns expected to be insufficient for reducing the conversion rate. It is however important to note that the reduction does not affect the level of pension payment. Make use of the retired one (partial) lump sum, so they are free to invest the capital to the unrealisitsch high returns. By masking the increased life expectancy, capital would indeed be enough anyway.

is not reduced, the conversion rate, there is an increased potential risk that pension funds get into deficits. This would be to clean up the hump of workers and employers - that is those which finance the already inflated pensions. To avoid the shortfall, the fund will seek higher returns on funds invested to generate, which is possible only through the acceptance of higher risks. Spicy is that it is the enemy struck critics as more risky investment strategies. Ultimately, it is assumed that some insurers due to the increased risks in the business retreat, which would primarily change the provision of occupational pensions works for SMEs (now about 156,000 SMEs, to regulate occupational pension plans in this form) significantly.

addition to the reduction in the conversion rate, further reform efforts in attack . Take They should also be initiated measures aimed at efficiency. Further optimization potential I see in a future-directed adaptation of the investment regulations. The increased investment of funds in alternative investments can be skimmed off additional return potential. This would also make a contribution to economic development in Switzerland, which would be in the current situation will most likely be.

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found suicide gene - with study report

Einige Varianten im Gen für den Rezeptor eines „Nervennährstoffes“ machen Menschen anfällig für Suizide. Die Genträger sind einer Publikation in den Archives of General Psychiatry ( 2010; doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.201) zufolge auch dann gefährdet, wenn sie nicht unter Depressionen leiden.

Suizide haben vielschichtige Ursachen. Neben Lebenskrisen und psychiatrischen Erkrankungen haben auch genetische Faktoren einen Einfluss darauf, ob ein Mensch in einer für ihn unerträglichen Situation den Ausweg über einen Freitod not investigated.

place near the twin and family studies, such as Martin Kohli and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry report. In the search for the responsible genes, the researchers focused on the nerve nutrient BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and its receptor NTRK2 (tyrosine kinase receptor 2). Previous studies have namely shown that this signaling pathway in the brain of suicide victims is less frequently active.

To find out whether there are genetic reasons, the researchers compared the genes of BDNF and NTRK2 at 366 healthy people and in 394 patients with depression had taken of which 133 will attempt suicide. The comparison was limited to 83 so-called SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms). http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/2009.201v1.pdf


* PDF of the study


These are loci in which there is often a change of base pairs. While in the BDNF gene were no significant differences were detected in NTRK2 gene identified three gene variants associated with increased risk for suicide attempt. Actually increases the risk for suicide among depressed behavior at the 4.5-fold when all three unfavorable genetic variants interact.

The results were achieved by comparing a German group of 744 patients with major depression and a control group of 921 healthy people are confirmed African-American origin. Here, too, had people with specific SNP is an increased risk of suicide.

Interestingly, the association was independent of the depression disorder. The SNPs are not the reason for the mood disorder, which is one of the most common cause of suicide: almost a third of patients with depression at some point make a suicide attempt. You will see a second factor that determines the suicidal behavior and genetic factors. In what way the receptor NTRK2 influenced the decision to commit suicide is a puzzle. NTRK2 is not just the binding site of BDNF, but with a variety von Nervennährstoffen.

Kohli vermutet eine wichtige Funktion von NTRK2 in der „Netzwerkbildung von Nervenzellen und somit zur geordneten neuronalen Kommunikation“. Vorstellbar ist beispielsweise, dass er die Belastbarkeit auf Stressreaktionen beeinflusst.

Genaueres müssen künftige Studien zeigen, für die durch die Entdeckung eine wichtige Grundlage gelegt wurde. Auch die Arzneimittelforschung dürfte sich für die Ergebnisse interessieren, da der Rezeptor sich als Angriffspunkt für neue Therapien anbietet. © rme/aerzteblatt.de