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risk of sudden cardiac death

At least ten genes, the length of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the risk of sudden cardiac death. This resulted in two genome-wide association studies in Nature Genetics (2009, doi: 10.1038/ng.362 and ng.364).

It is known that extension or shortening of the QT interval on the ECG significantly increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Known was that the variations in QT interval are genetic reasons. It was, therefore, to look at genome-wide association studies for the responsible gene variants.

was in this way the American-German working group led by Aravinda Chakravarti, then still at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, now at University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and Arne Pfeufer of Helmholtz Centre in Munich three years ago (Nature Genetics 2006; 38: 644-651) to a variant in the gene NOS1AP "encountered, which influences the repolarization in the conduction system of the heart. "NOS1AP" explains only about 1.5 percent of the differences in the QT interval, so there must be other genetic variants.

As part of its research consortium "QTSCD" Chakravarti Pfeufer and therefore have the ECG and the genome data of 15,000 persons from Germany, Italy and the United States compared, which led to the discovery of nine additional gene variants. Four are located near the trigger of a known monogenic long QT syndrome, which makes a biological context, very likely, two more are in the vicinity of genes that affect the electrophysiology of the heart, so they also should not be a fluke. Only in the remaining three genes Researchers can currently not yet explain the pathophysiological context.

The validity of the study results is increased by the fact that a second science consortium, our findings, has come to almost identical results. In other studies, the researchers want to examine what effects a positive test result for each patient.

genetic tests could also be of interest for drug therapy, since a number of drugs prolong the QT interval. Genetic studies could clarify this in future, a drug which patients can safely take and which ones it would be contraindicated.

© rme/ aerzteblatt.de

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backbone of Swiss politics: dealing with precious good

Switzerland's financial center is in bad trouble. Banking secrecy and the distinction between tax evasion and tax fraud for ensuring international uproar. Once again, brilliant politics by little objectivity and sends signals before decision aids, based on data and facts were made transparent and worked up. The central question that arises inevitably, is how much the bank-client confidentiality to economic growth and the importance of the financial sector contributes and are to be feared that losses in a weakening of the current form. It may not be that headless before this analysis concessions are made. A car dealer grants also not per se price concessions if he does not know how this is impacting on its earnings or long-term end in insolvency. After all, we speak of the banking sector that has in the past year, more than 40 billion CHF value supplied to (or about 9% of GDP), 3.2% of all workers with labor supply and an estimated CHF 10 to 15 billion to finance the public helping hands!

Back to the beginning: why has the Switzerland ever a major financial center and the bank-client confidentiality? In developing the financial center different phases can be distinguished. The asset management went through before the First World War, a strong expansion phase, while it stagnated in the period of the First World War. In the twenties, took the value of assets under management and number of accounts increased significantly. The big boom began after World War II. Previously - in the thirties and during the war - took place a phase of stagnation. The upturn can be attributed primarily to be conducted that had the warring States to cover the debts incurred by raising taxes, which tax evasion begünstigte. Die politische Unsicherheit und die hohe Inflation führten letztlich dazu, dass in der Nachkriegszeit bedeutende Vermögenswerte in die Schweiz flossen. Die Schweiz bot sich als wegen seiner internationalen Verflechtung, der langjährigen Tradition, des herrschenden Friedens, der liberal-konservativen Politik und des soliden Banksystems als sicherer Hafen an. Das Bankkundengeheimnis hingegen findet im 18. Jahrhundert seinen Ursprung. Die französischen Könige fragten bei Genfer Banken Kredite nach, um ihren exzessiven Lebensunterhalt zu finanzieren. Um die konfessionell delikaten Geschäftsbeziehungen vor dem Volk geheim zu halten, verlangten die Könige Diskretion. Folglich erliess der Genfer Grosse Rat ein Gesetz, das zur strikten Secrecy. In 1934, the bank-client confidentiality enshrined in the Banking Act. When financial privacy is a similar secrecy, know the doctors and lawyers.

A business model of banks, based on tax fraud or tax evasion should be condemned in the strongest terms. The banks may not for tax evasion and fraud of their clients be held responsible. Swiss politics has to prove the backbone to develop good solutions and to think in alternatives, instead of making ill-considered compromise on Switzerland to behave cooperatively, which is out of question. But in order also to the G-20 and in the future to "remain" recognized in other files as a credible partner, is a clear line is essential. The threat to put Switzerland on a blacklist of tax havens by the OECD seems ridiculous. So filled, Switzerland, none of the assessment criteria, which qualifies for a tax haven (no or only nominal taxes, no or only inadequate transparency, absence of effective information exchange with other countries). The pressure may increase, however, if the criteria of the OECD to be adjusted.

That envy here in the foreground seems more than likely. Why else, is the UK claims against Switzerland before they bring their tax havens under control? It surprised me how to deal with the precious commodity of the banking secrecy and traditions. The political challenge is to develop creative solutions that are serving the interests of Switzerland and thus the sustainable development of the (still) major financial center in Switzerland.